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Each question in the antenatal history has a purpose. Learn how details like gestational age, parity, and access to healthcare influence diagnosis and management.
Understand the clinical significance of each component in antenatal history taking—menstrual, marital, obstetric, medical, dietary, and family history. Learn how these details help identify high-risk pregnancies and guide management for better maternal and fetal outcomes.

Discover how socio-demographic details like age, residence, education, and occupation influence pregnancy outcomes and guide personalized antenatal care.

Understand the objectives and importance of antenatal care — from identifying high-risk pregnancies to scheduling visits and ensuring every pregnancy results in a healthy mother and newborn.

A clear, step-by-step explanation of how to calculate the expected date of delivery and gestational age using Naegele’s rule, cycle correction, and ultrasound dating.

Explore how pregnancy is divided into trimesters and gestational age categories — essential for accurate monitoring, risk assessment, and timely interventions.

Primigravida
A primigravida is a woman who is pregnant for the very first time.
• Think of “primi-” as ‘first’ — this term highlights her first experience of carrying a pregnancy, regardless of the outcome.

Multigravida
A multigravida refers to a woman who has been pregnant two or more times.
• The term “multi-” stands for ‘many’, indicating that she has conceived before, whether or not those pregnancies reached viability.

Decode the GPAL system and learn how gravida, para, abortions, and living children are recorded to summarize a woman’s obstetric history effectively.

An aqua privy is not much different from a septic tank. The difference is that the latrine/s is located directly over the tank.
• The excreta enter it directly from the latrine through a drop pipe.
• This pipe is submerged under water inside the privy.
• This water directly acts as the water seal for one or more latrines opening into it.
A septic tank can treat wastewater from both the kitchen and the toilet, while an aqua privy is designed to handle only toilet waste.
Basic Design

A septic tank is an underground excreta (sewage) treatment system used in rural or suburban areas where there is no access to a centralized sewer system.
It’s a self-contained tank that collects and treats the human waste from one or more homes.
It is buried in the ground near the home/s. Think of it as the "middleman" between the excreta and the environment, filtering out harmful substances before the treated water is released back into the soil.
The tank is usually made of concrete, though fiberglass or plastic tanks are now available.